{"id":104753,"date":"2023-02-14T17:56:46","date_gmt":"2023-02-14T15:56:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/?p=104753"},"modified":"2024-12-23T13:56:14","modified_gmt":"2024-12-23T11:56:14","slug":"sperm-cells-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"A Guide to Sperm Cells and Their Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Most of us have a general idea of the functions of sperm cells. You may think of them looking like miniature tadpoles, busily swimming their way towards an egg. The result would be a human embryo which, all being well, will implant inside the female uterus and continue in its development until the moment a baby is born. But how much do we really know about these highly specialised cells, the sex cells known as gametes? How much do we understand the function of sperm cells and egg cells, those basic building blocks of every new life that ever came into the world?<\/p>\n<p>This article delves into the microscopic world of those powerhouses of potential, the human gametes. We take a look through the microscope to illuminate how sperm and egg cells are adapted to their function of human reproduction and how, when the two come together, whether naturally or in the laboratory, they fuse to become a new single cell with the potential for a new life.<\/p>\n<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_68_1 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title \" >Table of Contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Content\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#How_is_sperm_adapted_to_its_function\" title=\"How is sperm adapted to its function?\">How is sperm adapted to its function?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#What_do_sperm_cells_look_like\" title=\"What do sperm cells look like?\">What do sperm cells look like?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#How_is_an_egg_cell_adapted_to_its_function\" title=\"How is an egg cell adapted to its function?\">How is an egg cell adapted to its function?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#While_sperm_cells_are_adapted_for_mobility_egg_cells_are_adapted_to_support_a_new_organism\" title=\"While sperm cells are adapted for mobility, egg cells are adapted to support a new organism.\">While sperm cells are adapted for mobility, egg cells are adapted to support a new organism.<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#Egg_cells_are_formed_differently_from_sperm\" title=\"Egg cells are formed differently from sperm.\">Egg cells are formed differently from sperm.<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#What_happens_if_the_egg_or_the_sperm_dont_function_as_expected\" title=\"What happens if the egg or the sperm don&#8217;t function as expected?\">What happens if the egg or the sperm don&#8217;t function as expected?<\/a><ul class='ez-toc-list-level-3' ><li class='ez-toc-heading-level-3'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/#When_sperm_or_eggs_need_a_helping_hand\" title=\"When sperm or eggs need a helping hand\">When sperm or eggs need a helping hand<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_is_sperm_adapted_to_its_function\"><\/span>How is sperm adapted to its function?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Unlike women, who are born with all the eggs they will ever have, men are not born with a limited supply of sperm <em>per se<\/em>. The sperm cells are made in the testes, beginning at puberty when testosterone levels start to rise, and this continues throughout life, even though numbers and quality decline with age. The process of sperm production, triggered by testosterone and involving the luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/topics\/neuroscience\/spermatogenesis#:~:text=Human%20Male%20Spermatogenesis&amp;text=Spermatogenesis%20begins%20at%20puberty%2C%20when,18.3\">known as spermatogenesis<\/a>. Spermatogenesis takes around 74 days to complete.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_do_sperm_cells_look_like\"><\/span>What do sperm cells look like?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The structure of sperm cells reflects its one purpose: to fertilise an egg, pass on its genetic information and produce the next generation.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Sperm structure, or sperm morphology, includes a head, body and tail.<\/strong> However, all sperm do not necessarily look alike; any part can have a different shape and size or differ in their ability to move and swim (known as their motility).<\/li>\n<li><strong>The sperm head is smooth and oval, resembling an egg, with a length-to-width ratio of 1.50:1.70.<\/strong> The head contains the nucleus that carries the genetic material of 23 chromosomes. The acrosomal cap surrounds the sperm head and is important in recognising the egg. It contains molecules which, when they come into contact with diffusible molecules from the egg, enzymes stimulate the sperm to swim in the right direction \u2013 that is, towards the egg. The acrosome also contains inactive enzymes. When coming into contact with the proteins of the egg\u2019s membrane, the enzymes are converted into an active form capable of acting on the membrane, allowing the sperm to penetrate and enter the egg.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The middle section, or midpiece of the sperm, is the central part between the head and tail.<\/strong> Like the head, it takes up around 10% of the overall length, but unlike the head, it does not contain genetic material. In fact, the midpiece contains tightly concentrated mitochondria, the source of energy that allows the sperm to swim to its target.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The tail section of the sperm is an elongated, thin structure, making up about 80% of the total length.<\/strong> Known as the flagellum, it provides the wave structure that allows for forward movement and has a circular propeller-like waveform motion.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-104761\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-1024x373.jpeg\" alt=\"Sperm Cells 2\" width=\"550\" height=\"201\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-1024x373.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-300x109.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-768x280.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-1536x560.jpeg 1536w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-2048x747.jpeg 2048w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-200x73.jpeg 200w, https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/14\/2022\/10\/AdobeStock_371868077-700x255.jpeg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>These features add up to a structure that makes sperm cells superbly adapted to their function. The streamlined design allows rapid movement in search of its target, while the tapered head reduces drag as it travels. The tightly packed mitochondria in the middle section provide the energy required for movement and are discarded after the sperm head has successfully penetrated the egg. The acrosome is crucial in identifying the target and contains enzymes needed to soften the egg&#8217;s outer membrane, allowing penetration.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"How_is_an_egg_cell_adapted_to_its_function\"><\/span>How is an egg cell adapted to its function?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>The female egg cell is the largest single cell in the human body \u2013 nearly <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2021\/study-reveals-how-egg-cells-get-so-big-0304#:~:text=Egg%20cells%20are%20by%20far,times%20larger%20than%20sperm%20cells.\">10,000 times bigger than a sperm cell<\/a>. But, just like sperm, it has adaptations to its structure, formation and genetic composition that allow it to function in line with its purpose. The genetic makeup of eggs is similar to sperm, but their structure is entirely different.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"While_sperm_cells_are_adapted_for_mobility_egg_cells_are_adapted_to_support_a_new_organism\"><\/span><strong>While sperm cells are adapted for mobility, egg cells are adapted to support a new organism.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>They need to be much larger than sperm, not because they contain more chromosomal material (which, in fact, equals that of sperm), but because they need a much greater volume of cytoplasm. This semi-fluid substance provides nutrients for the developing embryo before implantation takes place.<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Egg_cells_are_formed_differently_from_sperm\"><\/span><strong>Egg cells are formed differently from sperm.<\/strong><span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In the case of sperm, one parent cell produces four sperm cells. For eggs, however, one parent cell produces a single egg cell plus three \u2018polar bodies\u2019, which are biologically necessary to maintain the correct number of chromosomes. These quickly degrade to be reabsorbed by the body, leaving one comparatively large egg cell with the right number of chromosomes and all the cytoplasm it will need if it is fertilised.<\/p>\n<h2><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"What_happens_if_the_egg_or_the_sperm_dont_function_as_expected\"><\/span>What happens if the egg or the sperm don&#8217;t function as expected?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n<p>Those of us working in the field of reproductive medicine have found that it\u2019s possible to work directly with sperm cells to increase the chances of conception. Egg cells are more challenging to work with because they are so delicate, but when problems arise, there are still plenty of potential solutions. Here are some examples:<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"When_sperm_or_eggs_need_a_helping_hand\"><\/span>When sperm or eggs need a helping hand<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Poor sperm quality:<\/strong> One of the most common causes of male infertility is poor-quality sperm. A poor-quality semen sample contains a large number of sperm that do not have an ideal shape (morphology) or do not swim very well (motility). In both cases, we have assisted fertility techniques, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/assisted-reproduction-treatments\/icsi\/\">Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)<\/a> that can help. With this technique, we select only the healthiest sperm from a sample and microinject a single sperm cell straight into an egg. It can be performed as part of an <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/assisted-reproduction-treatments\/in-vitro-fertilisation\/\">In Vitro Fertilisation (IVF)<\/a> treatment.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Low sperm count:\u00a0<\/strong>Although this may not be a problem with sperm cell function per se, having a low sperm count \u2013 where there is a low concentration or absence of sperm in the semen \u2013 is one of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/faqs\/causes-of-infertility\/\">the most common causes of male infertility<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n<li><strong>Lack of eggs:<\/strong> Likewise, one of the most frequent problems we encounter with the availability of eggs is either due to irregular ovulation, caused by conditions such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/polycystic-ovary-syndrome-guide\/\">PCOS<\/a>, or blockages within the fallopian tubes, such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/fibroids-symptoms-pregnancy\/\">fibroids<\/a> or conditions like <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/units\/endometriosis\/\">endometriosis<\/a>. In the latter, this means that although ovulation is taking place, the eggs may be obstructed from reaching the womb. One solution to both of these issues is IVF. As part of the IVF process, multiple eggs are grown in the ovaries, helped by <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/ivf-injections-painful\/\">gentle hormonal stimulation<\/a>. We collect the eggs in a short surgical procedure when they are mature. Fertilisation takes place in the laboratory, bypassing the fallopian tube altogether.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When egg or sperm cells are not quite operating smoothly in any particular respect, all is not lost. If you have concerns about your fertility or would like to speak to one of our experienced specialists, feel free to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/ask-for-an-appointment\/\">contact us at IVI<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Most of us have a general idea of the functions of sperm cells. You may think of them looking like miniature tadpoles, busily swimming their way towards an egg. The result would be a human embryo which, all being well, will implant inside the female uterus and continue in its development until the moment a&#8230; <a class=\"view-article\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/\">View Article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":42,"featured_media":105358,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,17],"tags":[358],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>A Guide to Sperm Cells and Their Functions - IVI UK<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The structure of a sperm cell reflects its one purpose: to fertilise an egg, pass on its genetic information and produce the next generation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ivi.uk\/blog\/sperm-cells-functions\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A Guide to Sperm Cells and Their Functions - 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